Laramie, Wyoming
| City of Laramie, Wyoming | |
|---|---|
| — City — | |
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| Nickname(s): Gem City of the Plains | |
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| Coordinates: | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wyoming |
| County | Albany |
| Government | |
| - Mayor | Jodi Guerin |
| Area | |
| - City | 11.2 sq mi (28.9 km2) |
| - Land | 11.1 sq mi (28.8 km2) |
| - Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.1 km2) 0.18% |
| Elevation | 7,165 ft (2,184 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| - City | 27,204 |
| - Density | 2,442.5/sq mi (942.9/km2) |
| - Metro | 57,298 |
| Time zone | MST (UTC-7) |
| - Summer (DST) | MDT (UTC-6) |
| ZIP Code | 82070-82073 |
| Area code(s) | 307 |
| FIPS code | 56-45050[1] |
| GNIS feature ID | 1590526[2] |
| Website | City of Laramie |
| Named for French fur trapper Jacques Laramie | |
Laramie is a city in and the county seat of Albany County, Wyoming, United States.[3] The population was 27,204 at the 2000 census.[1] Located on the Laramie River in southeastern Wyoming, the city is west of Cheyenne, at the junction of Interstate 80 and U.S. Route 287.
Laramie was settled in the mid-19th century along the Union Pacific Railroad line, which crosses the Laramie River at Laramie. It is home to the University of Wyoming, Wyoming Technical Institute, and a branch of Laramie County Community College. Laramie Regional Airport serves Laramie. The ruins of Fort Sanders, an army fort predating Laramie, lie just south of the city along Route 287. Located in the Laramie Valley between the Snowy Range and the Laramie Range, the city draws outdoor enthusiasts because of its abundance of outdoor activities.
Contents |
History
Laramie takes its name from Jacques LaRamie, a French or French-Canadian trapper who disappeared in the Laramie Mountains in the late 1810s and was never heard from again. He was one of the first Europeans to visit the area, and his name was given to a river, mountain range, peak, US Army fort, county, and city. More Wyoming landmarks are named for him than any other trapper but Jim Bridger.[4]
Laramie was founded in the mid-1860s as a tent city near the Overland Stage Line route and the Union Pacific portion of the first transcontinental railroad. By May 10, 1868, when the first train entered town, entrepreneurs were building more permanent structures, and Laramie soon had stores, houses, a school, and churches.[5]
Laramie suffered initially from lawlessness. Its first mayor, M.C. Brown, resigned after three turbulent weeks in mid-1868, saying that the town was "ungovernable." This was much due to threats he received from three half-brothers, early Old West gunman "Big" Steve Long, Con Moyer and Ace Moyer. Long was Laramie's first marshal, and with his brothers owned the saloon Bucket of Blood. The three began harassing settlers, forcing them to sign over the deeds to their property to them. Any who refused were killed, usually goaded into a gunfight by Long. By October 1868, Long had killed 13 men.
However, the first Albany County sheriff, rancher N. K. Boswell, organized a "Vigilance Committee", and on October 28, 1868, Boswell led the committee into the Bucket of Blood, overwhelmed the three brothers, and lynched them at an unfinished cabin down the street. Through a series of other lynchings and other forms of intimidation, the vigilantes reduced the "unruly element" and established a semblance of law and order.[6]
In 1869, Wyoming was organized as Wyoming Territory, the first legislature of which passed a bill granting equal political rights to the women of the territory. In March 1870, five Laramie residents became the first women in the world to serve on a jury.[7] Also, since Laramie was the first town in Wyoming to hold a municipal election, on September 6, 1870, a Laramie resident was the first woman to cast a legal vote in the United States.[5]
Early businesses included rolling mills, a tie treatment plant, a brick yard, a slaughterhouse, a brewery, a glass-blowing plant, and a plaster mill, as well as the railroad yards. In 1886, a plant to produce electricity was built.[5] Several regional railroads were based in Laramie, including the Laramie, North Park and Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Company founded in 1880 and the Laramie, North Park and Western Railroad established in 1901.
A bill signed by Governor Francis E. Warren established the University of Wyoming (UW) in 1886. Laramie was chosen as the site, and UW opened there in 1887. Under the terms of the Morrill Act, also known as the Land Grant College Act, UW added an agricultural college and experiment station in 1891.[8]
The city gained worldwide notoriety in 1998 after the murder of Matthew Shepard, a student at the University of Wyoming. His murder caused an international outcry and became the symbolic focus for a nationwide campaign against gay hate crimes, with hate crimes legislation signed into law in 2009. It was the subject of the award-winning play and movie The Laramie Project.
In 2004, Laramie became the first city in Wyoming to prohibit smoking in enclosed workplaces, including bars, restaurants and private clubs. Opponents of the clean indoor air ordinance, funded in part by the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, immediately petitioned to have the ordinance repealed. However, the voters upheld the ordinance in a citywide referendum which was conducted concurrently with the 2004 general election. The opponents then challenged the validity of the election in court, claiming various irregularities. However, the judge ruled that the opponents had failed to meet their burden of showing significant problems with the election, and the ordinance, which had become effective in April 2005, remained in effect.[9] In August 2005, Laramie's City Council defeated an attempt to amend the ordinance to allow smoking in bars and private clubs.
Geography and climate
Laramie is located at (41.312927, -105.587251).[10] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.2 square miles (28.9 km²), of which 11.1 square miles (28.8 km²) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km²) (0.18%) is water.
Laramie is on a high plain between two mountain ranges, the Snowy Range, about 30 miles (48 km) to the west, and the Laramie Range, 7 miles (11 km) to the east. The city's elevation above sea level is about 7,165 feet (2,184 m). The Laramie River runs through Laramie toward its confluence with the North Platte River east of the Laramie Range.
The city is about 41 miles (66 km) west of Cheyenne, Wyoming, and 113 miles (182 km) miles north of Denver, Colorado. Laramie lies along U.S. Route 30, Interstate 80, and U.S. Route 287, and it remains an important junction on the Union Pacific Railroad line.
Laramie's total precipitation averages only about 10 inches (250 mm) a year, and the average number of rainy days per year is about 26. The city experiences a day that is 90 °F (32 °C) or warmer about once a year. The average temperature in January is 21 °F (−6 °C), and in July it is 64 °F (18 °C). Annual snowfall averages 42 inches (107 cm). Because of the high elevation, winters are long, and summers are short and relatively cool.
Laramie has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk).
| Climate data for Laramie | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °F (°C) | 33 (0.6) |
36 (2.2) |
42 (5.6) |
50 (10) |
61 (16.1) |
72 (22.2) |
79 (26.1) |
78 (25.6) |
70 (21.1) |
57 (13.9) |
41 (5) |
33 (0.6) |
54 (12.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 20 (-6.7) |
23 (-5) |
30 (-1.1) |
37 (2.8) |
46 (7.8) |
57 (13.9) |
63 (17.2) |
61 (16.1) |
52 (11.1) |
41 (5) |
28 (-2.2) |
21 (-6.1) |
40 (4.4) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 8 (-13.3) |
10 (-12.2) |
17 (-8.3) |
23 (-5) |
32 (0) |
41 (5) |
46 (7.8) |
43 (6.1) |
35 (1.7) |
25 (-3.9) |
14 (-10) |
8 (-13.3) |
25 (-3.9) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | 0.34 (8.6) |
0.39 (9.9) |
0.69 (17.5) |
1.08 (27.4) |
1.68 (42.7) |
1.30 (33) |
1.53 (38.9) |
1.37 (34.8) |
0.96 (24.4) |
0.85 (21.6) |
0.58 (14.7) |
0.42 (10.7) |
11.19 (284.2) |
| Source: Weather Channel[11] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1870 | 828 |
|
|
| 1880 | 2,696 | 225.6% | |
| 1890 | 6,388 | 136.9% | |
| 1900 | 8,207 | 28.5% | |
| 1910 | 8,237 | 0.4% | |
| 1920 | 6,301 | −23.5% | |
| 1930 | 8,609 | 36.6% | |
| 1940 | 10,627 | 23.4% | |
| 1950 | 15,581 | 46.6% | |
| 1960 | 17,520 | 12.4% | |
| 1970 | 23,143 | 32.1% | |
| 1980 | 24,410 | 5.5% | |
| 1990 | 26,687 | 9.3% | |
| 2000 | 27,204 | 1.9% | |
| Est. 2009 | 28,850 | 6.1% | |
| source:[12][13][14] | |||
As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 27,204 people, 11,336 households, and 5,611 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,442.5 people per square mile (942.9/km²). There were 11,994 housing units at an average density of 1,076.9/sq mi (415.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 90.81% White, 1.24% African American, 0.89% Native American, 1.92% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 2.89% from other races, and 2.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.94% of the population.
There were 11,336 households out of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.3% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.5% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.83.
In the city the population was spread out with 17.5% under the age of 18, 31.8% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females there were 107.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $27,319, and the median income for a family was $43,395. Males had a median income of $30,888 versus $22,009 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,036. About 11.1% of families and 22.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.
Arts and culture
Annual cultural events
Laramie Jubilee Days is celebrated each year for several days around the Fourth of July. Events typically include free food, live music, games, carnival rides, a street fair, a parade, a softball tournament, and rodeo events.[15]
Museums, concert halls
The Geological Museum at the University of Wyoming is open to the public and houses more than 50,000 catalogued mineral, rock, and fossil specimens, including a dinosaur exhibit.[16] The university's art museum offers gallery exhibits, lectures, workshops, classes, and public tours year-round.[17] The Fine Arts Concert Hall on campus presents frequent concerts and recitals during the school year.[18] Housed in the Ivinson Mansion near the center of town is the Laramie Plains Museum.[19] The Wyoming Children's Museum and Nature Center has interactive exhibits and pottery classes for children aged 3 and older.[20]
Libraries
The central library of the Albany County Library system, with a wide range of materials for adults and children, is near downtown Laramie; the system's branch libraries are in Centennial, 28 miles (45 km) west of Laramie and Rock River, 32 miles (51 km) northwest of Laramie.[21] William Robertson Coe Library, the main library of the University of Wyoming, has materials for general research in business, education, fine arts, science, humanities, and the social sciences as well as audio visual and government documents collections. The Brinkerhoff Geology Library specializes in geology, geophysics, physical geography, mining and petroleum geology, and geological engineering. Also at the university are the George W. Hooper Law Library, the Library Annex, a high-density storage facility located in the basement of the UW Science Complex, the Rocky Mountain Herbarium Library, a learning resources center with materials for teachers and children, and an archives, rare book, and manuscript repository known as the American Heritage Center.[22]
South-Northtown
The neighborhood just to the north of the University of Wyoming campus, known as South-Northtown, is densely populated by University students. Almost nightly the casual pedestrian in the area may stumble upon any of several happenings in the neighborhood, from stoop-parties to lawn bowling in the local park or even one of many frequent open forums on topics including philosophy, anthropology, the character of the town, or the planning of future events. The area is characterized by many medium-sized apartment complexes and houses converted for renting as separate apartments. In addition, the concentration of pedestrian traffic is very high in the area owing to the high student population and modest amounts of on-street parking, so that students are at most hours commuting by foot between South-Northtown and the University campus.[23]
National Register sites
Twenty sites in Laramie, including the Wyoming Territorial Prison, are included on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The prison site includes buildings and other exhibits from a frontier community of the late 19th century. The other sites are the Downtown Laramie Historic District, the Ivinson Mansion and Grounds, Old Main on the University of Wyoming campus, the Barn at Oxford Horse Ranch, Bath Ranch, Bath Row, Charles E. Blair House, John D. Conley House, Cooper Mansion, East Side School, Fort Sanders Guardhouse, William Goodale House, Lehman-Tunnell Mansion, Lincoln School, Richardson's Overland Trail Ranch, St. Matthew's Cathedral Close, St. Paulus Kirche, Union Pacific Athletic Club, and the Vee Bar Ranch Lodge.[24]
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Two other Albany County sites near Laramie are on the NRHP. About 20 miles (32 km) east of the city is the Ames Monument, a large granite pyramid dedicated to brothers Oakes Ames, a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts, and Oliver Ames, Jr., who were influential in building the Union Pacific portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad. Oakes Ames was also implicated in the Credit Mobilier scandal and censured by the U.S. House. The other site is Como Bluff, a long ridge extending east-west between Rock River, 32 miles (51 km) northwest of Laramie, and Medicine Bow. Geologic formations in the ridge contain fossils, including dinosaurs, from the Late Jurassic.[24]
Sports
Outdoor sports
Sports enthusiasts find much to do in and near Laramie, nestled at 7,165 feet (2,184 m) above sea level between the Laramie Range (Laramie Mountains) and the Snowy Range (Medicine Bow Mountains). Popular activities include skiing, snowmobiling, mountain biking, hunting, fishing, and hiking.
Volunteers from the Medicine Bow Nordic Association, in cooperation with the Forest Service, maintain groomed cross-country ski trails in a sector of the Laramie Range about 10 miles (16 km) east of the city.[25] To the west, Snowy Range cross-country trails run through the national forest west of Centennial, and other trails follow gentle terrain 32 miles (51 km) southwest of Laramie near Woods Landing. Miles of snowmobile trails wind through the forests, and many forest areas are open to travel by snowshoe.[26] The Snowy Range Ski Area, about 30 miles (48 km) west of Laramie off Wyoming Highway 130, offers downhill skiing and snowboarding on 27 trails ranging in difficulty from beginner to expert.[27]
Laramie is a center for mountain biking. Mountain bike trails meander through forests in the Laramie Range and the Snowy Range. The Medicine Bow Mountain Bike Patrol, part of the Laramie Bicycling Network, is a non-profit volunteer organization that works with the Forest Service to patrol and maintain biking trails east of Laramie. One of these, the Medicine Bow Rail–Trail, is a mountain bike trail, 21 miles (34 km) long, built between 2005 and 2007 on the bed of an abandoned railroad. The Laramie Enduro 111K, an endurance mountain bike race of 111 kilometres (69 mi) is held annually on Laramie Range trails.[28]
Other annual events include the Poker Run recreational ski race held in the Snowy Mountains each February, and the Tour De Laramie, a bicycle rally with stops at local pubs held in April. The Wyoming Marathon Races, a series of running and ultra-running events held in Medicine Bow National Forest, are held annually each Memorial Day weekend.
Trout fishing is another popular sport in and near Laramie. The Laramie River, which flows north into Wyoming from Colorado, is fished as are the smaller streams in both mountain ranges and the many small plains lakes in the Laramie Basin.[29]
Other outdoor activities popular near Laramie include camping, picnicking, rafting on the Laramie River and the North Platte River, viewing of wildlife such as mule deer, elk, moose, and pronghorn antelope, and general sightseeing. For 27 miles (43 km) of its length as it crosses the Snowy Range, the Highway 130 corridor has been designated a National Forest Scenic Byway.[31]
Parks and recreation
Laramie has 14 city parks that, among them, include playgrounds, seasonal wading pools, jogging and biking paths, baseball and softball fields, a skateboard park, horseshoe pits, tennis courts, volleyball courts, a fitness circuit court, soccer fields, picnic tables, river fishing, and a seasonally stocked fishing pond.[32] Laramie residents also have access to the University of Wyoming's 18-hole golf course[33] as well as a wide variety of university recreation sites including squash courts, handball courts, baseball diamonds, basketball courts, a climbing wall, and fields for football, soccer, and track.[34]
The Community Recreation Center has an outdoor swimming pool, an indoor pool, an eight-lane lap pool, water slides, a full-court gymnasium, cardio equipment, circuit weights, and an indoor playground, and it offers programs in adult fitness, youth volleyball, junior basketball, and aquatics.[35] The Community Ice Arena is open for ice skating, skating lessons, hockey, synchronized skating, adult co-ed broomball, and other ice-related activities from October through mid-March. A children's hockey club, a figure skating club, university hockey teams, and adult non-check hockey teams as well as the general public use the ice arena.[36]
Government
Laramie has a council-manager form of government. The council, the city's legislative body, consists of nine members who serve overlapping four-year terms. The council members set policy, approve budgets, pass ordinances, appoint citizen volunteers to advisory boards, and oversee the city staff.[37]
Two members of the council hold at-large seats, and seven are elected from city wards, one per ward. The council picks a mayor and vice-mayor once every two years at the first council meeting in January. The mayor as of 2009 is Jodi Guerin, and Klaus Hanson is the vice-mayor.[37]
Laramie is the county seat of Albany County and houses county offices, courts, and the county library.
Owing to the presence of the University of Wyoming, voters in Albany County and the City of Laramie support the Democratic Party in elections with much more frequency than does the state of Wyoming as a whole.
Education
Albany County School District #1, headquartered in Laramie, governs 19 public schools in an area of 4,000 square miles (10,360 km2) including Laramie, Centennial, Rock River, and rural locations. A total of about 3,400 students attend these schools, the Laramie fraction of which includes seven elementary schools, two middle schools, Laramie High School, and Whiting High School.[38] Snowy Range Academy, a charter school, serves children in grades K–7,[39] and St. Laurence, a Catholic school, serves children in grades K–6.[40]
The main campus of the University of Wyoming is in Laramie. In 2005, about 10,000 students were enrolled there at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels.[41] The Albany County campus of Laramie County Community College is also in Laramie. WyoTech also has a campus in Laramie, offering career training in the automotive, diesel, and collision-repair industries.[42]
Media
The Laramie Boomerang is Laramie's main newspaper. The Branding Iron is a student-run newspaper at the University of Wyoming. Wyoming Public Television station KCWC-TV, licensed to Central Wyoming College in Riverton, has a transmitter near Laramie.[43] In addition, many radio stations broadcast from Laramie, as follows:
- KUWR, 91.9 FM, Wyoming Public Radio
- KUWY, 88.5 FM, Wyoming Public Radio, all Classical
- KUWL, 90.1 FM, Wyoming Public Radio, JazzLaramie.[44]
- KOCA-LP, 93.5 FM, bilingual radio
- KUSZ, 93.9 FM, Active Rock
- KCGY, 95.1 FM, country
- KIMX 96.7 FM, Top 40 (CHR)
- KRQU, 98.7 FM, classic rock
- KHAT, 1210 AM, sports radio
- and KOWB, 1290 AM, news and talk radio.[45]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Great Lakes Airlines provides daily commercial flights between Laramie Regional Airport and Denver, Colorado. The airport, 3 miles (5 km) west of the central business district, is operated and financed by the City of Laramie and Albany County. In addition to commercial flights, the airport serves private and corporate planes and atmospheric research aircraft from the University of Wyoming.[46] Laramie is also served by Greyhound Lines, which maintains a bus depot in the city.
Utilities
The Utility Division of the City of Laramie provides the city's drinking water, which comes from the Big Laramie River, the largest single source, and wellfields in the Casper Aquifer, and it is treated in a modern plant. The Utility Division treats the city's wastewater in a plant that, replacing an older plant, began operation in 1998.[47] The Solid Waste Division operates the city-owned landfill, about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the city. Collections generally occur twice a week for most residential units.[48] The Street Division repairs and maintains Laramie's 135 miles (217 km) of streets and 31 miles (50 km) of alleys.[49]
Notable residents and natives
- Craig Arnold, poet
- Thurman Arnold, attorney
- Jim Beaver, actor
- Larry Birleffi, broadcaster who announced all Wyoming Cowboys football and basketball games from 1947 to 1986
- Jesseca Cross, Olympic athlete
- Francois Dickman, United States Ambassador to Kuwait 1979–83
- Sheridan H. Downey, Democratic U.S. Senator from California, 1939–51
- George Frison, Wyoming archaeologist
- Grace Raymond Hebard, Western history author and former University of Wyoming trustee, professor
- H.L. (Harvey) Hix, poet and academic
- Richard Honaker, attorney, former legislator, nominee for U.S. District Judge
- Sarah Konrad, Olympian
- William Mulloy, Rapa Nui and Plains archaeologist
- Chip Rawlins, writer, outdoorsman
- Matthew Shepard, hate crime victim
- Gerry Spence, attorney and writer
- Sam Barnhart, author, comic, teacher, inovator
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/usamap.cfm. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ↑ Parkin, Patsy, "Jacques LaRamie History", 2000. Retrieved on April 14, 2008.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Laramie History" Laramie Plains Museum. Retrieved on August 11, 2007.
- ↑ "Chapter 3: Coming of Rails" Roberts, Phil (editor), University of Wyoming History Department, Readings in Wyoming History. Retrieved on August 11, 2007.
- ↑ "Chapter 4: Establishing the Territory and Granting Women Equal Rights Roberts, Phil (editor), University of Wyoming History Department, Readings in Wyoming History. Retrieved on August 11, 2007.
- ↑ "Fact Book: Historical Highlights" University of Wyoming. Retrieved on August 12, 2007.
- ↑ Laramie Smoking Ban Subject of Television Program Tuesday" University of Wyoming news release, October 16, 2006. Retrieved on August 10, 2007.
- ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ↑ Weather Channel—[1]. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ↑ "Historical Decennial Census Population for Wyoming Counties, Cities, and Towns". Wyoming Department of State / U.S. Census Bureau. http://eadiv.state.wy.us/demog_data/cntycity_hist.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
- ↑ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850-1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 341.
- ↑ "Subcounty population estimates: Wyoming 2000-2007" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 3, 2009. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2007-56.csv. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
- ↑ "Laramie 68th Annual Jubilee Days Events". Laramie Jubilee Days. http://www.laramiejubileedays.com/. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ↑ "Geological Museum". University of Wyoming. http://www.uwyo.edu/geomuseum/. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ↑ "Art Museum: General Information". University of Wyoming. http://www.uwyo.edu/artmuseum/generalinfo.asp. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ↑ "Concerts, Events, Recitals". University of Wyoming. http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/music/events.asp. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
- ↑ "Historic Ivinson Mansion". The Laramie Plains Museum. http://www.laramiemuseum.org/index.html. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ↑ "Wyoming Children's Museum & Nature Center". Wyoming State Historical Society. http://wyshs.org/mus-wychildrens.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ↑ "Albany County Public Library". Albany County Public Library. http://acpl.lib.wy.us/. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
- ↑ "Libraries at UW". The University of Wyoming. http://www-lib.uwyo.edu/about/branches/index.cfm. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
- ↑ George, Northwood. "North-Southtown Home of Student Culture." Boomerang 18 Oct 2007: 3. Print.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 "National Register of Historic Places: State listings: Wyoming: Albany County". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/wy/Albany/state.html. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ↑ "Medicine Bow Nordic Association". Medicine Bow Nordic Association. http://www.medbownordic.org/. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
- ↑ "Winter Activities". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/mbr/recreation/winteractivities/index2005.shtml. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
- ↑ "The Mountain". Snowy Range Ski Area. http://www.snowyrange.com/page4.html. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
- ↑ "Medicine Bow Mountain Bike Patrol". Cycle Wyoming. http://www.cyclewyoming.org/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
- ↑ Kristopherson, K. "Laramie River from Colorado into Wyoming". Wyoming Fishing Net. http://www.wyomingfishing.net/ft_lar.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
- ↑ "Vedauwoo Campground". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/mbr/recreation/camping/laramie/vedauwoo.shtml. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
- ↑ "Recreation". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/mbr/recreation/. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
- ↑ "City Parks". City of Laramie. http://www.ci.laramie.wy.us/recreation/parks/Parkslisting.html. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
- ↑ "Glenn "Red" Jacoby Golf Course". University of Wyoming. http://www.jacobygc.com/. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
- ↑ "Campus Recreation". University of Wyoming. http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/Rec/campusrecreation/main/reserve_facilities.asp#reserve_who. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
- ↑ "Recreation Center". City of Laramie. http://www.ci.laramie.wy.us/recreation/reccenter/index.html. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
- ↑ "Laramie Community Ice Arena". City of Laramie. http://www.ci.laramie.wy.us/recreation/icerink/index.html. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 "City Council". City of Laramie. http://www.ci.laramie.wy.us/cityhall/council/index.html. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
- ↑ "Albany County School District One". Albany County School District One. http://www.acsd1.org/. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
- ↑ "Snowy Range Academy". Great Schools, Inc.. http://www.greatschools.net/modperl/browse_school/wy/453. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ↑ "Welcome to St. Laurence School". St. Laurence School. http://www.stlos.com/. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
- ↑ "Fact Book". University of Wyoming. http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/uw/facts/studentprofile.asp#Class. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
- ↑ "About WyoTech". Corinthian Colleges, Inc.. http://www.wyotech.edu. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ↑ "About Wyoming Public Television". Wyoming Public Television. http://www.wyoptv.org/about/. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ↑ "Wyoming Public Radio". WPR.org. http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/WPR/. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
- ↑ "Radio Stations Near the City of Laramie, Wyoming". On The Radio.Net. http://www.ontheradio.net/cities/laramie_wy.aspx. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ↑ "About Us". Laramie Regional Airport. http://www.laramieairport.com/About.html. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
- ↑ "Landfill". City of Laramie. http://www.ci.laramie.wy.us/cityservices/solidwaste/landfill.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
- ↑ "Utility Division: Water". City of Laramie. http://www.ci.laramie.wy.us/cityservices/waterutilities/water/index.html. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
- ↑ "Public Works Street Division". City of Laramie. http://www.ci.laramie.wy.us/cityservices/streets/index.html. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
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